Paradigms

The feminines do not distinguish the vocative; the masculine takes -α, after ἐπιστάτα and δέσποτα.

The vocative singular takes -ε, after κύριε and διδάσκαλε. A neuter spells nominative, accusative and vocative alike.

The vocative is the bare stem — πάτερ, βασιλεῦ — which often comes out as the nominative over again: ἄρχων.

First and second declension endings attach to the stem vowel (ο/η/α), so 1/2 masc “ς” gives -ος. The vocative singular is the exception: it replaces that vowel rather than following it — λόγος → λόγε, μαθητής → μαθητά — and in the third declension it is the bare stem, which is often the nominative over again (ἄρχων) and sometimes not (πατήρ → πάτερ, βασιλεύς → βασιλεῦ). Every vocative plural is the nominative plural.

Greek has no separate vocative article: address takes the nominative form — ὁ πατήρ, “Father”.

Koine puts the first aorist’s -α endings on second aorist stems, and the New Testament writes both: εἶπαν beside εἶπον, ἐξήλθατε beside ἐξήλθετε. The third singular is -ε(ν) either way.

The endings go straight onto a stem that already ends in a long vowel, and the third singular takes no ending at all — which is why ἔγνω is not ἔγνωε(ν). ἵστημι and βαίνω give ἔστη and ἀνέβη the same way. γινώσκω is an ordinary -ω verb elsewhere; this is its aorist stem.

The stem’s long vowel absorbs the subjunctive’s: γνῶ is γνό-ω. ἵστημι and βαίνω give ἀναστῇ and καταβῇ. Koine also writes γνοῖ for the third singular.

Koine puts the first aorist’s -α endings on second aorist stems, and the New Testament writes both: εἶπαν beside εἶπον, ἐξήλθατε beside ἐξήλθετε. The third singular is -ε(ν) either way.

The second singular takes -θι, which no thematic verb does: γνῶθι, στῆθι and κατάβηθι against βάλε. Koine shortens some of them: ἀνάστα, μετάβα.

The perfect’s endings with an -ει- in front, and the reduplication stays: λέλυκα, ἐλελύκειν. οἶδα is a perfect in form and a present in sense, so its pluperfect reads as a plain past: ᾔδει, “he knew”.

The perfect’s endings with an -ει- in front, and the reduplication stays: λέλυκα, ἐλελύκειν. οἶδα is a perfect in form and a present in sense, so its pluperfect reads as a plain past: ᾔδει, “he knew”.

The mark is the -οι- or -αι- before the ending. Rare in the New Testament outside μὴ γένοιτο, “may it never be”.

The mark is the -οι- or -αι- before the ending. Rare in the New Testament outside μὴ γένοιτο, “may it never be”.

λύω forms neither of these on its own, using a participle with εἰμί instead: λελυκὼς ᾖ. οἶδα has both.

λύω forms neither of these on its own, using a participle with εἰμί instead: λελυκὼς ᾖ. οἶδα has both.

No thematic vowel: the ending goes straight onto the stem, δίδο-μεν against λύ-ο-μεν. The stem’s own vowel is long in the singular and short in the plural — δίδωμι but δίδομεν, τίθημι but τίθεμεν.Koine re-forms some of these verbs thematically, so ἱστάνομεν stands beside ἵστησιν and παρεδίδετο beside ἐδίδοτο.

φημί shows the pattern bare, with no ending at all in the third singular: ἔφη. δίδωμι and τίθημι have drifted towards λύω’s endings here — ἐδίδουν and ἐτίθεις for an older ἐδίδων and ἐτίθης.Koine re-forms some of these verbs thematically, so ἱστάνομεν stands beside ἵστησιν and παρεδίδετο beside ἐδίδοτο.

No thematic vowel: the ending goes straight onto the stem, δίδο-μεν against λύ-ο-μεν. The stem’s own vowel is long in the singular and short in the plural — δίδωμι but δίδομεν, τίθημι but τίθεμεν.Koine re-forms some of these verbs thematically, so ἱστάνομεν stands beside ἵστησιν and παρεδίδετο beside ἐδίδοτο.

The middle and passive endings go on bare too — δίδο-ται, δύνα-ται — where λύω has λύ-ε-ται. δύναμαι, κάθημαι, κεῖμαι and ἐπίσταμαι never had an active and decline this way on their own fixed stems: κάθηται, κεῖται. δύναμαι’s second singular is written δύνασαι and δύνῃ both.Koine re-forms some of these verbs thematically, so ἱστάνομεν stands beside ἵστησιν and παρεδίδετο beside ἐδίδοτο.

The middle and passive endings go on bare too — δίδο-ται, δύνα-ται — where λύω has λύ-ε-ται. δύναμαι, κάθημαι, κεῖμαι and ἐπίσταμαι never had an active and decline this way on their own fixed stems: κάθηται, κεῖται. δύναμαι’s second singular is written δύνασαι and δύνῃ both.Koine re-forms some of these verbs thematically, so ἱστάνομεν stands beside ἵστησιν and παρεδίδετο beside ἐδίδοτο.

The aorist drops the reduplication and leaves the bare root — δο-, θε-, ἑ- — so the subjunctive is δῶ and θῶ rather than λάβω, and the imperative δός and θές rather than βάλε. The indicative is the exception: ἔδωκα and ἔθηκα take a κ and then λύω’s own first aorist endings.

The aorist drops the reduplication and leaves the bare root — δο-, θε-, ἑ- — so the subjunctive is δῶ and θῶ rather than λάβω, and the imperative δός and θές rather than βάλε. The indicative is the exception: ἔδωκα and ἔθηκα take a κ and then λύω’s own first aorist endings.

The aorist drops the reduplication and leaves the bare root — δο-, θε-, ἑ- — so the subjunctive is δῶ and θῶ rather than λάβω, and the imperative δός and θές rather than βάλε. The indicative is the exception: ἔδωκα and ἔθηκα take a κ and then λύω’s own first aorist endings.

The stem’s vowel and the ending’s run together, and the ending underneath is λύω’s: ποιεῖτε is ποιέ-ετε, ἀγαπᾶτε is ἀγαπά-ετε. α + ο or ω gives ω, α + ε or η gives ᾱ, α + ει or ῃ gives ᾳ. ε + ε or ει gives ει, ε + ο or ου gives ου, and a long vowel swallows it. ο + ε, ο or ου gives ου, ο + ει, ῃ or οι gives οι, ο + η or ω gives ω.ζάω, συζάω and χράομαι contract α to η rather than ᾱ: ζῇς, ζῇ, ζῆτε, ζῆν.

The augment goes on before anything contracts: ἠγάπων is ἐ-ἀγάπα-ον. Only the present and imperfect contract — every other tense builds on a lengthened stem vowel, ἠγάπησα and ἐποίησα and ἐπλήρωσα, and takes λύω’s endings unchanged.ζάω, συζάω and χράομαι contract α to η rather than ᾱ: ζῇς, ζῇ, ζῆτε, ζῆν.

The subjunctive’s long vowel wins outright, so -άω and -όω spell it like their indicative in the singular. -έω does not: ποιεῖς is indicative and ποιῇς subjunctive.ζάω, συζάω and χράομαι contract α to η rather than ᾱ: ζῇς, ζῇ, ζῆτε, ζῆν.

The stem’s vowel and the ending’s run together, and the ending underneath is λύω’s: ποιεῖτε is ποιέ-ετε, ἀγαπᾶτε is ἀγαπά-ετε. α + ο or ω gives ω, α + ε or η gives ᾱ, α + ει or ῃ gives ᾳ. ε + ε or ει gives ει, ε + ο or ου gives ου, and a long vowel swallows it. ο + ε, ο or ου gives ου, ο + ει, ῃ or οι gives οι, ο + η or ω gives ω.ζάω, συζάω and χράομαι contract α to η rather than ᾱ: ζῇς, ζῇ, ζῆτε, ζῆν.

Koine keeps -σαι whole on an α stem where the classical form contracts: the New Testament writes καυχᾶσαι and ὀδυνᾶσαι, never καυχᾷ. -έω and -όω contract it as usual: φοβῇ, πληροῖ.

The augment goes on before anything contracts: ἠγάπων is ἐ-ἀγάπα-ον. Only the present and imperfect contract — every other tense builds on a lengthened stem vowel, ἠγάπησα and ἐποίησα and ἐπλήρωσα, and takes λύω’s endings unchanged.ζάω, συζάω and χράομαι contract α to η rather than ᾱ: ζῇς, ζῇ, ζῆτε, ζῆν.

The subjunctive’s long vowel wins outright, so -άω and -όω spell it like their indicative in the singular. -έω does not: ποιεῖς is indicative and ποιῇς subjunctive.ζάω, συζάω and χράομαι contract α to η rather than ᾱ: ζῇς, ζῇ, ζῆτε, ζῆν.

The stem’s vowel and the ending’s run together, and the ending underneath is λύω’s: ποιεῖτε is ποιέ-ετε, ἀγαπᾶτε is ἀγαπά-ετε. α + ο or ω gives ω, α + ε or η gives ᾱ, α + ει or ῃ gives ᾳ. ε + ε or ει gives ει, ε + ο or ου gives ου, and a long vowel swallows it. ο + ε, ο or ου gives ου, ο + ει, ῃ or οι gives οι, ο + η or ω gives ω.ζάω, συζάω and χράομαι contract α to η rather than ᾱ: ζῇς, ζῇ, ζῆτε, ζῆν.

Takes the present participle’s endings on the second aorist stem.

A bare -ς on the short stem: στάς and βάς where λαμβάνω has λαβών. γινώσκω lengthens its vowel under it and gives γνούς, γνοῦσα, γνόν. Everything after the nominative singular is the ordinary -ντ declension.

Takes the present participle’s endings on the second aorist stem.

λύσων declines like λύων. The future passive is λυθησόμενος, on the θη- stem, declining like the middle beside it.

λύσων declines like λύων. The future passive is λυθησόμενος, on the θη- stem, declining like the middle beside it.

-ς goes straight onto the stem: διδούς, δούς and θείς where λύω has λύων. Everything after the nominative singular is the ordinary -ντ declension.

-ς goes straight onto the stem: διδούς, δούς and θείς where λύω has λύων. Everything after the nominative singular is the ordinary -ντ declension.

-ς goes straight onto the stem: διδούς, δούς and θείς where λύω has λύων. Everything after the nominative singular is the ordinary -ντ declension.

ἵστημι’s perfect means a present — ἕστηκα is “I am standing” — and its participle drops the κ and contracts: ἑστώς, ἑστῶσα, ἑστός. ἑστηκώς is also written, declining like λελυκώς.

-έω and -όω spell their participle identically, ε and ο both giving ου before an ο and ω before an ω: ποιῶν and δικαιῶν, ποιοῦσα and σπιλοῦσα. Only -άω stands apart, with ω where they have ου.

-έω and -όω spell their participle identically, ε and ο both giving ου before an ο and ω before an ω: ποιῶν and δικαιῶν, ποιοῦσα and σπιλοῦσα. Only -άω stands apart, with ω where they have ου.

-έω and -όω spell their participle identically, ε and ο both giving ου before an ο and ω before an ω: ποιῶν and δικαιῶν, ποιοῦσα and σπιλοῦσα. Only -άω stands apart, with ω where they have ου.

-έω and -όω spell their participle identically, ε and ο both giving ου before an ο and ω before an ω: ποιῶν and δικαιῶν, ποιοῦσα and σπιλοῦσα. Only -άω stands apart, with ω where they have ου.

-ναι straight onto the stem, where λύω has -ειν: διδόναι and δοῦναι. δύναμαι and its kind have no active.

The stem’s vowel and the ending’s run together, and the ending underneath is λύω’s: ποιεῖτε is ποιέ-ετε, ἀγαπᾶτε is ἀγαπά-ετε. α + ο or ω gives ω, α + ε or η gives ᾱ, α + ει or ῃ gives ᾳ. ε + ε or ει gives ει, ε + ο or ου gives ου, and a long vowel swallows it. ο + ε, ο or ου gives ου, ο + ει, ῃ or οι gives οι, ο + η or ω gives ω.ζάω, συζάω and χράομαι contract α to η rather than ᾱ: ζῇς, ζῇ, ζῆτε, ζῆν.

The mark is the -οι- or -αι- before the ending. Rare in the New Testament outside μὴ γένοιτο, “may it never be”.